Working at The Bindery Essays -- Expository Process Essays

workings at The Bindery I have a dream. I have a dream astir(predicate) getting a doctorate degree in music. Well, to get that far, I know I must get through undergraduate school first, permit alone graduate school, and so on. Last year I realized that I needed a job that paid much more than minimum wage if I was going to afford to go to college. I past heard about The Bindery from a friend in the same situation as I was. I filled out an application, went to the orientation a few weeks later, and then discovered that working there would be no ordinary job. I will now briefly explain how the factory works and then show you the ropes of working in my department. There are two major departments at The Bindery the press and the bindery. The press cuts large rolls of cover into smaller ones. The rolls of paper are trimmed down to size for books, and all words and graphics are printed here. The paper is then folded by machinery into forms (groups of pages in books). Bu ndles of forms are held together with a piece of wood at each end and tied with plastic string. The bundles are then loaded onto skids. After the skids are prepared, the bundles are shipped to the work-in-progress area (where you are) by fork trucks. The skids of bundles are placed in front of each pocket, where forms are placed to banquet into the machine that binds the paper into books. Pockets are parts of machinery about 12-15 feet long and are at waist or stomach height. The machine takes one form from each pocket and groups them all together to make a book. It runs precise quickly, and it can make thousands of books in minutes. Five lines are in the bindery department, therefore, five books can be made at the same time. First, I will e... ...r workstation so it will be clean for the next shift. When the journey persons say it is timeto go, grab your belongings and cowman out. Get some sleep for the next day. Working at The Bindery has taught me and is still t eaching me much responsibility. I have learned to manage my time well. Working afternoons is tough because I dont get home until midnight every night. Life isnt fun and games every night anymore. I also have learned to work very hard for my money to pay for my college tuition. Being there just for the summers was a taste of real life for me not everyone gets the opportunity to live wealthy corresponding we see in the movies. It has given me more motivation to stay in school to avoid a life-long job like this, for I dont want to crunch for the rest of my life. I want to continue to live out my dream of getting my doctorate degree in music.

Elie Wiesel Essay -- History, The Holocaust, Nazis

No unrivalled experiences such a terrible event as the final solution without changing. In Night, a memoir by the Jew Elie Wiesel, the author describes his torture at the hands of the Nazis. Captured with his family in 1944 (one year sooner the end of the war), they were sent to Auschwitz to come onwards the stern Dr. Mengele in the infamous selection. There, Elie parted from his mother and sister leaving him with his father who was too busy to spend any time with his son before the camp. Under the Nazis control, Elie and his father moved to several camps including Buna. The Nazi regime deprived Elie...of the desire to lived..., which murdered his God and soul and turned my dreams to dust(32).Prior to the war, Elie lived a highly spiritual and innocent life. Elie possessed a very strong interest in Jewish beliefs. At the young age of 12, during the day he examine the Talmud, and at night he ran to the synagogue to weep over the destruction of the Temple(3). Elie attacke d the faith with such a vigor that he, asked his father to find Elie a overtop to guide his studies of the cabbala, but his father responded, you are too young for that... only at thirty that one had the right into the perilous cosmos of mysticism(1-2). At such a young age, Elie followed the Jewish faith with a vigor uncommon for his age his father kept him grounded in a world of reason. Even when the Nazis were taking the Jews to the concentration camp (though they did not know where they were going), Elie, got up at dawn. he wanted to pray before the Jews were expelled(16) Even as Elies freedoms vanished, he whitewash maintained a sense of faith as a crutch. This also shows how Elie still was a baby at the time, not aware that the G... ...had but one desire_to eat. He no longer thought of his father or mother(107). The war left him crushed for life without any attachments to reality or sympathy for his family he had cried his last tears. Following the camp, Elie only existed as a body wanting basic necessities without a soul or passion.The Holocaust changed Elie from a religious child to a mindless body who lost all innocence at age when he was fifteen years old(96). He wanted to choose the cabbala and grow up quickly. The flames of the furnaces and the noose on the necks of fellow prisoners stole that desire from him and all the prisoners leaving empty bodies to work for the Nazi regime. Such horrors forced any man to abandon his passions if he wished to survive to the next day. The effect the war had on the Jews makes the claims of Holocaust deniers incredibly ignorant and cruel.

Impact of Family, Gender, and Education on Wuthering Heights :: Charlotte Bronte, Informative

Impact of Family, Gender, and Education on Wuthering Heights Education of the 18th and 19th century connects closely to the gender association of this period. Men from flush(p) families were the only persons provided the opportunity to be educated at the university level. Just as many men use golf to prove their status and superiority today, these gentlemen pursue cricket and rugby. Another similarity with society today involves the importance of personal connections to further your education possibilities and business opportunities. Social standing was extremely important during this eon. Manners, money, birth, line and leisure time were crucial indicators of social standing, determining not only ones place in society but ones freedom to act, speak, learn, and earn (Longman p. 1886). Some raise factors that determined this status, which I personally would love to see more of today, are loyalty, duty and public service. Instead of the elite being chosen by birth, world power a nd learning became the criteria for administration of society. Frances Cobbe described the embarkment school that she attended as a young girl. The tuition cost was 25 times what Charlotte Bronte earned in 1841 (Longman p.1888). Cobbe describes the importance of women from well to do families at this time to be beautiful, and occupied with knitting and gossiping. Intelligence and accomplishments were not pursuits allowed to women. Charlotte Bronte described one of the few occupations permitted women at this time in her book Jane Eyre. As stated previously the income received for such grueling work was one twenty fifth the tuition of Cobbes tuition for boarding school.

Global Warming and Greenhouse Gases Essays -- Climate Change Environme

Global Warming and Greenhouse GasesThe concentration of the atmospheres main nursery gases specifically, carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, have incrementd significantly during theindustrial age. These high concentrations are predicted to continue in the atmosphere for thousands of years to come. This increase in specially carbon dioxide, increases theinfrared energy taken in by the atmosphere, and warming the earths surface. The Globalmean temperature over the past 150 years has arise between 0.3 degrees C and 0.6degrees C. Climate changes that have been predicted are based on the continual rise inGreen House Gases. These changes include changes in increase in mean surface airtemperature, increase in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sealevel, and changes in the biosphere.There are many causes to the rise in Green House Gases in the atmosphere. Therise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is largely related to the combustion of fogey fuels and cement production (Hansen). The increase in methane is do to rice cultivation, animal husbandry, biomass burning, and landfills (Kattenberg). Nitrous oxide is on the rise because of industrial sources like adipic sharp and nitric acid production (Kattenberg). Other gases not mentioned above that have a small impact on the Green House Gasproposed problem, is CFC-11 and CFC-12, these Gases are know to the national as being abig source of warming, although catalyzing decomposition of stratospheric ozone, theydo not pose a great threat. Since the public was notified of these compounds inrefrigerants, spray propellants, and froth blowing the atmospheric concentrations havedecreased greatly (Prather).... ...the past 160,000 years. Nature, 345, 1990.Charlson, R. J. Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science 255, 1992.Douglas B. C. Global sea level rise, J. geophys. Res., 96 (C4), 6981-6992, 1991.Hansen, J. E. (1998). Climate forcings in the ind ustrial era. Livermore Willams Press. Kattenberg, A. (1996). Climate Change 1995 The Science of Climate Change.Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Krabill. W. Rapid thinning of parts of the southern Greenland ice sheet. Science 283, 1999.Peixoto, J. P., and A. H. Oort (1992). Physics of Climate. New York American establishof Physics.Prather, M. P. The ozone layer The road not taken. Nature 381, 1996.Wang, W. C. Inadequacy of affective CO2 as a proxy in simulating the greenhouse effectof other radiatively industrious gases. Nature 350, 1991.

Indian Boarding School Essay -- essays research papers

"Compressed emotions," that is the explanation a teacher once gave to the ongoing question, "What is poetry?" He said it was someones deepest emotions, as if you were discipline them right come on of that persons mind, which in that case would non consist of all words at completely. If someone tells you a story, it is usually akin a shell. r arly are all of the deepest and most personal emotions revealed effectively. A poem of that story would be like the inside of the shell. It personifies situations, and symbolizes and equivalences emotions with other things in life. Louise Erdrichs poem Indian embarkation School puts the emotions of a person or group of people in a setting around a railroad track. The feelings experienced are compared to things from the setting, which takes on human characteristics.Louise Erdrich was born(p) part German, part American Indian. Since the title and other references in the poem refer to Indian people, it is most likely that this poem was precise personal to her. The embarkation indoctrinate may have been a real number place she went to, or where mistreatment of her people was not uncommon, or it could simply be a tool she employ to express racism towards them in general. With that item, the reader must remember that although the words are from the run internationals point of view, there are not inescapably any real runaways. From the point of view at which this is told, the runaways are eager to find their way home. They do not necessarily really try to runaway, it may unspoiled be in their fantasies, "Homes the place we head for in our sleep." (line 1). The first use of personification is in the line, "The rails, old lacerations that we love,"(line 4). It is not yet quite gull why Erdrich would compare the shack tracks with old lacerations until the lines, "shoot parallel across the face and break just under the Turtle Mountains." (lines 5-6). Mountains are definite things that are physical in nature. Train tracks on a face are hard to imagine, so it leads us to believe it has some deeper meaning. This reveals that the children want to run away from the boarding school for more serious matters than just good old home-sickness. The "old lacerations" may represent wounds on their own faces, internal or external. Visually, train tracks look like wounds that were stitched and scarred. The Turtle Mountains must relate ... ...d when it dried. That was the time when they remembered "delicate" injuries. Injuries that a child gets while playing or falling, not from bigotry or violence. this instant those things are only memories.It is very likely that Louise Erdrich experienced some kind of racism or prejudice in her lifetime. Segregation laws were so far in use while she was growing up in the fifties, and in the sixties, many of the same people still felt racist, with or without the laws. Boarding schools were not an exception to t his fact either. School authorities probably did take advantage of the fact that boarding schools are away from home and not under the wary eye of any parent. This poem demonstrates the truth of what it really felt and feels like to have lived through such bad treatment. It is disturbing to think that instead of just learning at school, Louise Erdrich, amongst other children, may have learned what it felt like to be hated. At such early ages, they taught these children that the way they were treated was how the initiation was supposed to be. It displays the chafed scars embedded so deeply into a child, from a time that should have been the most nurturing part of his/her life. Indian Boarding School essay -- essays research papers "Compressed emotions," that is the explanation a teacher once gave to the ongoing question, "What is poetry?" He said it was someones deepest emotions, as if you were reading them right out of that persons mind, which in that case would not consist of any words at all. If someone tells you a story, it is usually like a shell. Rarely are all of the deepest and most personal emotions revealed effectively. A poem of that story would be like the inside of the shell. It personifies situations, and symbolizes and compares emotions with other things in life. Louise Erdrichs poem Indian Boarding School puts the emotions of a person or group of people in a setting around a railroad track. The feelings experienced are compared to things from the setting, which takes on human characteristics.Louise Erdrich was born part German, part American Indian. Since the title and other references in the poem refer to Indian people, it is most likely that this poem was very personal to her. The boarding school may have been a real place she went to, or where mistreatment of her people was not uncommon, or it could simply be a tool she used to express racism towards them in general. With that fact, the reader must remembe r that although the words are from the runaways point of view, there are not necessarily any real runaways. From the point of view at which this is told, the runaways are eager to find their way home. They do not necessarily really try to runaway, it may just be in their fantasies, "Homes the place we head for in our sleep." (line 1). The first use of personification is in the line, "The rails, old lacerations that we love,"(line 4). It is not yet quite clear why Erdrich would compare the train tracks with old lacerations until the lines, "shoot parallel across the face and break just under the Turtle Mountains." (lines 5-6). Mountains are definite things that are physical in nature. Train tracks on a face are hard to imagine, so it leads us to believe it has some deeper meaning. This reveals that the children want to run away from the boarding school for more serious matters than just good old home-sickness. The "old lacerations" may represent wounds on their own faces, internal or external. Visually, train tracks look like wounds that were stitched and scarred. The Turtle Mountains must relate ... ...d when it dried. That was the time when they remembered "delicate" injuries. Injuries that a child gets while playing or falling, not from bigotry or violence. Now those things are only memories.It is very likely that Louise Erdrich experienced some kind of racism or prejudice in her lifetime. Segregation laws were still in use while she was growing up in the fifties, and in the sixties, many of the same people still felt racist, with or without the laws. Boarding schools were not an exception to this fact either. School authorities probably did take advantage of the fact that boarding schools are away from home and not under the watchful eye of any parent. This poem demonstrates the truth of what it really felt and feels like to have lived through such bad treatment. It is disturbing to think that instead of just learnin g at school, Louise Erdrich, amongst other children, may have learned what it felt like to be hated. At such early ages, they taught these children that the way they were treated was how the world was supposed to be. It displays the painful scars embedded so deeply into a child, from a time that should have been the most nurturing part of his/her life.

Indian Boarding School Essay -- essays research papers

"Compressed emotions," that is the explanation a teacher once gave to the ongoing question, "What is poetry?" He said it was someones deepest emotions, as if you were reading them safe out of that mortals mind, which in that case would not consist of whatever words at all. If someone tells you a story, it is usually like a shell. R arly are all of the deepest and intimately ain emotions revealed effectively. A meter of that story would be like the inside of the shell. It personifies situations, and symbolizes and compares emotions with early(a) things in life. Louise Erdrichs poem Indian Boarding take aim puts the emotions of a person or group of people in a setting around a railroad track. The feelings experienced are compared to things from the setting, which takes on forgiving characteristics.Louise Erdrich was born sidetrack German, part American Indian. Since the title and other references in the poem refer to Indian people, it is most likely that thi s poem was very personal to her. The boarding direct may have been a real place she went to, or where mistreatment of her people was not uncommon, or it could simply be a quill she used to extinguish racism towards them in general. With that fact, the reader must remember that although the words are from the runaways hitch of view, there are not necessarily any real runaways. From the point of view at which this is told, the runaways are eager to find their way home. They do not necessarily really try to runaway, it may muchover be in their fantasies, "Homes the place we head for in our sleep." (line 1). The first use of personification is in the line, "The rails, old lacerations that we love,"(line 4). It is not yet quite clear wherefore Erdrich would compare the occupy tracks with old lacerations until the lines, "shoot parallel across the face and break just under the Turtle Mountains." (lines 5-6). Mountains are definite things that are somatoge nic in nature. tutor tracks on a face are hard to imagine, so it leads us to believe it has some deeper meaning. This reveals that the children want to run away from the boarding school for more serious matters than just good old home-sickness. The "old lacerations" may represent wounds on their own faces, internal or external. Visually, train tracks hang like wounds that were sewn and scarred. The Turtle Mountains must relate ... ...d when it dried. That was the time when they remembered "delicate" injuries. Injuries that a child gets patch playing or falling, not from bigotry or violence. Now those things are only memories.It is very likely that Louise Erdrich experienced some kind of racism or prejudice in her lifetime. Segregation laws were still in use while she was growing up in the fifties, and in the sixties, many of the same people still felt racist, with or without the laws. Boarding schools were not an ejection to this fact either. schooling authorit ies probably did take advantage of the fact that boarding schools are away from home and not under the watchful core of any parent. This poem demonstrates the truth of what it really felt and feels like to have lived through such bad treatment. It is disturbing to think that instead of just instruction at school, Louise Erdrich, amongst other children, may have learned what it felt like to be hated. At such early ages, they taught these children that the way they were treated was how the world was hypothetic to be. It displays the painful scars plant so deeply into a child, from a time that should have been the most nurturing part of his/her life. Indian Boarding School Essay -- essays look papers "Compressed emotions," that is the explanation a teacher once gave to the ongoing question, "What is poetry?" He said it was someones deepest emotions, as if you were reading them right out of that persons mind, which in that case would not consist of a ny words at all. If someone tells you a story, it is usually like a shell. Rarely are all of the deepest and most personal emotions revealed effectively. A poem of that story would be like the inside of the shell. It personifies situations, and symbolizes and compares emotions with other things in life. Louise Erdrichs poem Indian Boarding School puts the emotions of a person or group of people in a setting around a railroad track. The feelings experienced are compared to things from the setting, which takes on human characteristics.Louise Erdrich was born part German, part American Indian. Since the title and other references in the poem refer to Indian people, it is most likely that this poem was very personal to her. The boarding school may have been a real place she went to, or where mistreatment of her people was not uncommon, or it could simply be a tool she used to express racism towards them in general. With that fact, the reader must remember that although the words are fro m the runaways point of view, there are not necessarily any real runaways. From the point of view at which this is told, the runaways are eager to find their way home. They do not necessarily really try to runaway, it may just be in their fantasies, "Homes the place we head for in our sleep." (line 1). The first use of personification is in the line, "The rails, old lacerations that we love,"(line 4). It is not yet quite clear why Erdrich would compare the train tracks with old lacerations until the lines, "shoot parallel across the face and break just under the Turtle Mountains." (lines 5-6). Mountains are definite things that are physical in nature. Train tracks on a face are hard to imagine, so it leads us to believe it has some deeper meaning. This reveals that the children want to run away from the boarding school for more serious matters than just good old home-sickness. The "old lacerations" may represent wounds on their own faces, internal or external. Visually, train tracks look like wounds that were stitched and scarred. The Turtle Mountains must relate ... ...d when it dried. That was the time when they remembered "delicate" injuries. Injuries that a child gets while playing or falling, not from bigotry or violence. Now those things are only memories.It is very likely that Louise Erdrich experienced some kind of racism or prejudice in her lifetime. Segregation laws were still in use while she was growing up in the fifties, and in the sixties, many of the same people still felt racist, with or without the laws. Boarding schools were not an exception to this fact either. School authorities probably did take advantage of the fact that boarding schools are away from home and not under the watchful eye of any parent. This poem demonstrates the truth of what it really felt and feels like to have lived through such bad treatment. It is disturbing to think that instead of just learning at school, Louise Erdrich, amon gst other children, may have learned what it felt like to be hated. At such early ages, they taught these children that the way they were treated was how the world was supposed to be. It displays the painful scars embedded so deeply into a child, from a time that should have been the most nurturing part of his/her life.

Evaluation of Comptronix Corporation: Identifying Inherent Risk and Control Risk Factors Essay

1. Professional scrutiniseing standards exhibit the size up put on the line position, which is used to regularize the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures. Describe the components of the model and discuss how changes in each component affect the listeners need for evidence. The audit pretend model is used to determine the nature, timing, and extent of substantive audit procedures. The components of audit risk model usu solelyy stated as follows DR = AR/(IR x CR)Where DR = detection risk AR = audit risk IR = inbred risk CR = control risk Detection Risk auditors procedures will lead them to conclude that a fiscal tilt assertion is not materially misstated when in fact such misstatement does exist. If auditors want to decrease DR, they had better collect more evidence and be fare sure the validity of evidence. Audit Risk auditors may unknowingly fail to appropriately modify their opinion on monetary statements that are materially misstated. If AR should be keep in low level, which means the other risks also should be low.Inherent Risk The risk of material misstatement of a financial statement assertion, assuming there were no related controls. As built-in risk increases, PDR decreases, which in turn increases the auditors need for stronger evidence. authorization risk The risk that a material misstatement that could occur in an account will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by inherent control. If the strength of internal control is assessed as decreasing, the auditor should pay more attention to control risks.2. One of the components of the audit risk model is inherent risk. Describe typical factors that auditors evaluate when assessing inherent risk. With the benefit of hindsight, what inherent risk factors were present during the audits of the 1989 through 1992 Comptronix financial statements? Inherent risk is a measure of the auditors assessment of the susceptibility of an assertion to a material misstatement assuming the re are no related internal controls. roughly believe that inherent risk would be greater for some assertions and related account base on some conditions as follows Complex calculations rather than simple calculations.Non- usage rather than routine transactions.Subjective data rather than objective data.More importantly is that inherent risk is always be effected by external factors as follows Changes in economic environmentInsufficient capital to continue operationsTechnological improvements.Transactions with related parties.Susceptibility of assets to misappropriation.The inherent risk factors present during the 1989 through 1992 financial statement audits as follows Loss of Key Customer Comptronix scattered a key guest to SCI after(prenominal) the overt offering of stock. Once the company lost their a key customer, Management relieve oneself a strong motivation manipulate sales and direct performance to satisfy investor expectations because the loss of a key customer put too much pressure on focussing to meet the requirements of external users. Public Offering of Stock After Comptronix make its public offering of stock , they have the pressure which push the management to manipulate operating performance too meet the expectations from the external users.Technological Improvement Comptronix is a manufacture company which main products are circuit get on withs and the circuit boards development depend on technological improvement. The technological improvement has a negative push on operating performance. Pressures from a new star Company By the primary year of the fraud (1989), Comptronix became a new company which can hold more than 1,800 employees in little than a decade , and at same time, the company expanded its the size of the company in three different locations. The rapid development of company made the management adjusted their operations instead of monitoring company operations.Estimation of Accounts The high inherent risk accounts include Accounts receiv sufficient/ payable, inventory, and property, plant, and equipment. But all the accounts computation is based on estimation which led the numbers are very unreliable and subjective. Cash Flow Pressures Comptronix suffered net losings from 1986. Until the company attracted a venture capitalist, the company was able to generate strong sales and win. Prior to 1989, Comptronix had generated only deuce consecutive years of profit after several years of net losses. cash flow of financial statement cannot cover many years of recurring losses.The management has motives to make up operating accounts to look perfect to attract moreinvestors. 3. Another component of the audit risk model is control risk. Describe the five components of internal control. What characteristics of Comptronixs internal control increased control risk for the audits of the 1989-1992 closing financial statements?Five components of control risk are control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Control environment set the tone of an organization by influencing the control consciousness of people. Risk assessment is managements process for identifying, analyzing, and responding to the risks. Control activities are policies and procedures that booster ensure that managements directives are carried out. Information is needed at all levels of an organization to assist management in meeting the organizations objectives.Monitoring of controls is a process to assess the quality of internal control performance over time. The information and communication is seriously weak in that he three executive directors were able to perpetrate the fraud by bypassing the existing accounting system. They could record the fictitious entries manually and other employees were excluded from the manipulations to minimize the samelihood of the fraud world discovered.Besides, the weak control activity and monitoring is represented by the f act that Mr. Shifflett or Mr. Medlin could approve payments based solely on an invoice. Therefore, the fraud team was able to bypass internal controls over cash disbursements.Internal controls were also insufficient to detect the manipulation of sales and accounts receivable. Mr. Medlin had the office to access the shipping department system.4. The board of music directors, and its audit direction, can be an effective corporate governance mechanism. Discuss the pros and cons of allowing inside directors to sere on the board. Describe typical responsibilities of audit committees.What strengths or weaknesses were present related to Comptronixs board of directors and audit committee?As shareholders have limited access to the sufficient information, they are hard to monitor the daily transactions and management. They would delegate the responsibilities to the board of directors. Then, board of directors require inside directors to can sufficient information in order to make decision s those are in the maximum profits of shareholders. However, if the inside directors have improper purposes, its easily to be a manipulation tool for management.Audit committee is responsible for ensuring that the companys financial statements and reports are accurate and use fair and reasonable estimates. More specifically, it is charged with overseeing the financial reporting and disclosure process, monitoring choice of accounting policies and principles, overseeing hiring, performance and independency of the external auditors, oversight of regulatory compliance, monitoring the internal control process, overseeing the performance of the internal audit function, and discussing risk management policies and practices with management.The control environment is significantly influenced by the intensity level of its board of directors or its audit committee. Factors that bear on the effectiveness of the board or audit committee include the extent of its independence from management, th e gravel and stature of its members. However, among the seven individuals in Comptronix board of directors, five members are either inside directors or directors had closedown affiliations with management.In addition, the primary responsibility of the board of directors is to defend the shareholders assets and ensure they receive a decent return on their investment. Board members act as trustees of the organizations assets and must exercise collectible practical application to oversee that the organization is well managed and that its financial situation remains sound. But the composition of Comptronixs board of directors obviously lacks objectivity.A qualifying audit committee should be composed of independent directors who are not officers or employees of the organization and who do not have other relationships that impair independence. However, The audit committee ofComptronix is made up two outside directors and one gray director, which would inevitably impair the independe nce.Whats more, to qualify, the committee must be composed of outside director with at least one qualifying as a financial expert. Nevertheless, for Comptronix Corporation, there is no indication of whether any of these individuals had accounting or financial reporting backgrounds. Lastly, the audit committee met only twice during 1991, it was not efficiently and sufficiently to monitor and oversee the financial reporting.5. Public companies must file quarterly financial statements in Form 10-Qs, that have been reviewed by the companys external auditor. Briefly describe the key requirements of Auditing Standards (AU) office 722, Interim Financial Statements. Why wouldnt all companies (public and private) engage their auditors to perform timely reviews of interim financial statements?The term interim financial information means financial information or statements covering a period less than a full year or for a 12-month period ending on a date other than the entitys fiscal year end. A review consists principally of performing analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters, and does not contemplate (a) test of accounting records through inspection, observation, or confirmation (b) tests of controls to evaluate their effectiveness (c) the obtain net of corroborating evidence in response to inquiries or (d) the performance of certain other procedures ordinarily performed in an audit.The decision to have a review engagement is a joint decision of the knob and auditor. So a review would be performed when the benefits to the auditor and to the client exceed the costs to both parties. In general, firms with high complexity are more likely to be reviewed than firms with low complexity. Firms with high growth opportunities a less likely to be reviewed than those with low growth opportunities for they may be associated with higher information and litigation risks. And its also about the firms audit assurance and a mends needs.6. Describe whether you think Comptronixs executive team was inherently dishonest from the beginning. How is it possible for otherwise honest people to become involved in frauds like the one at Comptronix?We dont think Comptronixs executive team was inherently dishonest from the beginning. In opposite, we think there are two main reasons for the company committed the fraud.The first is its weak internal control.First comes to the companys board of director. The board of directors is responsible for overseeing the actions of management. Factors that bear on the effectiveness of the board include the extent of its independence from management, the experience and stature of its members, the extent to which it raises and pursues difficult questions with management, and its interaction with the internal and external auditors.the audit committee of the board of directors should be composed of independent directors who are not officers or employees of the organization and who d o not have other relationships that impair independence. In addition, the audit committee should have one or more members who have financial reporting expertise.However, Comptronixs board of directors consist of the CEO and the COO of the company, And two of the other five directors who had close affiliations with management, one served as the companys outside general legal counsel and the other who served as vice president of manufacturing for a significant customer of Comptronix, and one of the remaining outside directors who was a partner in the venture capital firm that owned 574,978 shares (5.3%) of Comptronixs common stock, the second outside director who was the vice chairman and CEO of the local bank originally loaning money to the company, and the third outside director who was president of an international components supplier based in Taiwan.And there was no indication of whether any of these individuals had accounting or financial reporting backgrounds. 28.6% of the board consisted of inside directors. And even all of the board of directors refuse the independence andeffectiveness of the formation of the board of directors. The interest relationship with the company increased the potential risk for the management to commit fraud.The second reason is the grand pressure of harsh competition for the companies in the industry. The fraud was motivated by the loss of a key customer in 1989 to the three executives former employer, SCI. Since the first manipulation of the financial statement, they were forced to manipulate the other years and evidences to hide the manipulation, which created a vicious circle.In conclusion, the weak internal control system provided a good environment for the commission of fraud. The huge pressure of the company brought the motivation of the fraud. Both of them played important roles for the honest people to become involved in frauds.7. Auditing Standards (AU) Section 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Aud it, notes that three conditions are generally present when fraud occurs. Research the authoritative standards for auditors and provide a brief summary of each of the three fraud conditions. Additionally, provide an example from the Comptronix fraud of each of the three fraud conditions.(1) Three fraud conditionsFirst, management or other employees have an incentive or are under pressure, which provides a reason to commit fraud. Second, circumstances existfor example, the absence of controls, ineffective controls, or the ability of management to reverse controlsthat provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated. Third, those involved are able to rationalize committing a fraudulent act. Some individuals possess an attitude, character, or set of ethical values that allow them to knowingly and intentionally commit a dishonest act.(2) ExamplesThe incentive for top company executive to do fraud is that after the company went public, the company needed an increasing number for prof it on the income statement, to attract more investors and make the stock expenditure higher and higher.One of the opportunities for fraud perpetrated in Comptronix is that their internal controls were so insufficient. The three executives had so many authorities to get access to various accounts. They can get control of both checks and accounts payable, which enable them to make fake equipment purchasing recording.Because Comptronixs quarterly filings were unaudited, the executives were successful in manipulating quarterly financial statements. After they successfully manipulated 1989 year-end sales and receivables, they thought their performance may not be discovered by external auditors and SEC, so they began recording fictitious quarterly sales frequently.8. Auditing Standards Section 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit, notes that there is a possibility that management override of controls could occur in every audit and accordingly, the auditor should inc lude audit procedures in every audit to address that risk.a. What do you think is meant by the term management override?Management override of internal controls is the intervention by managers in handling financial information and making decisions contrary to internal control policy. Managers may think they have the ability to operate outside of the internal controls, but this is not true.b. provide two examples of where management override of controls occurred in the Comptronix fraud.For example, Mr. Medilin, as controller and treasurer, has the authorization to manipulate both sales documents and accounts receivable documents. Thus he can enter bogus sales into the accounting system then make fake accountsreceivable to hyperbolise the companys earnings.Moreover, in order to overstate the equipment and accounts payable, the three company executives cut fake checks to the bogus accounts payable vendors associated with the fake purchases of equipment. However, the check preparing an d recording of equipment purchases jobs should be distributed to different staff. Handling these two jobs at the same time by same executives provide them opportunity to make overstated recording of equipment purchasing.c. Research AU Section 316 to identify the three required auditor responses to push address the risk of management override of internal controls.Three required auditor responses to further address the risk of management override (1) Examining journal entries and other adjustments for evidence of possible material misstatement due to fraud. (2) Reviewing accounting estimates for biases that could result in material misstatement due to fraud. (3) Evaluating the business rationale for significant unusual transactions.

‘Split Down the Middle’ by David Campton

This piece of work is based on a section of script from a play. The segment is part of a play called Split Down the Middle by David Campton. The segment is a duologue that is about two girls (Josie and Fran) who are on a works outing. The flick is even out in a rowing boat in the middle of the ocean surrounded by fog. Problems cumulate, when a small whole is discovered, and the boat is realised to be sinkingWe liked this conceit as we thought it was a good script that was well written and suited to the abilities of myself and the other girls in the scene. We liked the buffoonish dialogue and the situation of the script. The ages and respective temperament of the characters we though suited us, and we enjoyed reading the script together.There are two characters in the script. These are both one-year-old women. One is called Fran, and the other Josie. Josie is a much more lively character than Fran. She is quick witted, with a fiery temper and a lashing tongue. She blames Fran for them being stuck in the middle of the ocean. Josie considers herself to be above Fran, and is a harder character than Fran. She is dramatic, and over the top. However in the last part of the script, she relents and shows her true affection for Fran. We reached some of Josies character by discussion, as part of it was already written on the script as a pointer.Fran is a much more slow character. She is simple and displays a tier of thoughtlessness that causes Josie to react dramatically in some scenes. She is non quite sure of herself, and almost reveres Josie as the superior character. However, she is totally unfazed by the aspect of death, and in the end, ahs to turn the comforter, and consoler of Josie when she has a complete breakdown. We got Frans character the same way we got Josies. I played the part of Fran.To set the scene, we paced two chairs together in the centre of the stage. This was to stand for the bench on the rowing boat. We chose to use minimal props because we thought that would be easier and more effective than having some props, further not very many. The idea of swaying as if the boat was on the open seas was discussed, but we abandoned it as we though it would be very difficult to sustain, and it would ruin the simplicity of the scene.In my reliance the best scene in the play is the last scene where Fran and Josie reconcile and sit in peace. I think this was very effective as it brought the emotions of the scene to light. It had a good use of tension and focus was required between the characters. It brings to light the bond between two close friends. It was similarly one of the scenes where we knew our wranglingIn contrast, I thought the middle of the play was passably weak. We were not very sure of the words, and this seeped slightly into the performance. The atmosphere was not built up enough, and the corpse language between the characters was slightly wrong. The focus was not very good, and we could have made a better use of contrast between the characters.I was slightly nervous about performing this piece as I was not 100% sure of the words. I tried not to let this seep into my work, but it may have a little. However, I calmed down once I was in the theatre. The piece had to be performed slightly different to the way we did in rehearsals as we were used to rehearsing in quite a small room, and now we had to do it in a theatre. We had to project our voice considerably more than we were used to, and also had to act to a much larger audience.The audience were very helpful, as they found the scene quite funny in all the correct places, and not in places that it wasnt meant to be funny. They also applauded at the right time, and gave encouragement.I think that this piece worked mostly, as we managed to create a good focus between us. We did not forget our words, and built a successful atmosphere. Though we felt nervous, we managed to perform the scene successfully. I think that we did the script justice, a nd I thoroughly enjoyed doing it.

Mapping Compensation

Wall-Mart has a lot of these things in common with Microsoft, although Wall-Mart tries to soften the low at times by cushioning their employment strategy with a discount card or special privileges. Most of the employees at Wall-Mart start at around $8. 80 an hour, moreover that is just the base pay. If an employee does well within the company, over time, Wall-Mart will steadily increase the employees paycheck, depending on his or her performance of their duties that year. That is where the performance-based pay that is similar to Microsofts strategy comes into play. If an employee does well, he or she will get a raise.If not, then the raise will not happen. A lot of people who try to work at places alike(p) Wall-Mart expect instant gratification for their accomplishments, but they will not receive it. An employee must work hard to earn the raise given to him or her at their time of the year. In Figure 2. 8 in the text, Microsoft and AS are compared and contrasted in a compensation map. On Microsofts side, there seems to be a precise low focus on work/life balance, and the same can be said for Wall-Mart. If an employee accepts a shift at Wall- Mart, he or she had meliorate show up, or risk being fired.Wall-Mart is very strict in this area and does not accept a lot of excuses as far as frequent family emergencies or problems. From personal experience, if there is a death in the immediate family, Wall-Mart will ask for a copy of the death certificate as proof that the employee is not lying. This is a bit disturbing and could be considered offensive to some. Another mapping point from Figure 2. 8 is that Microsoft puts heavy emphasis on hierarchy. Wall-Mart and Microsoft share this part of their strategy. Wall-Mart believes that the basic employees receive Asia pay, while the managers and those on earnings receive higher pay.However, there is a price to being on salary versus being an hourly employee. As an hourly employee, the shift is worked within the hours specified, and the job is done. There are no established hours for salaried managers at Wall-Mart. Some train even worked 80 hour weeks in the busy season just to try to keep up with customer satisfaction. One thing that does differ amongst the two compensation strategies is that Microsoft puts a medium importance to sharing group success, while Wall-Marts strategy is more about the individual.There are really no groups per SE within Wall- Marts hierarchy, just groups of employees who perform the same job. There is no focus on group success, or group incentives. There are the occasional peppiness talks in which the managers try to get their employees motivated, but really, the employees would rather be working than sitting in a meeting. It seems that Microsoft values group success, but it as well values the individual as well, offering incentives for jobs performed. These companies seem very different from the outside, but when an inside look is taken, there are more molarities than can be seen from the outside.

Prejudice in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

In the world lot are al demeanors preconceived base on who they are or what they look like. Even thought it isnt as big of a problem in some areas as in others, we need to fight it. If we go intot then it will continue to get more serious and at times lead to death. In Harper Lees To fling off a Mockingbird, Alexandra tells her niece that she cant play with a schoolmate simply because of his class. ? You can scrub Walter Cunningham till he shines, you can put him in property and a new suit, but hell never be like Jem? Because? he? is? trash. (224). This prejudiced state of mind is the foundation for the plot events of the novel.By way of experiences, a young girl, Scout Finch, must learn about(predicate) the part prejudice plays in the everyday life of Maycomb County. Through settlement patterns, justice, and well-disposed stratification Harper Lee reveals the ways of prejudice. The first instance of prejudice, settlement patterns, greatly affects how raft of Maycomb are pre judged, not just where they lived, but also where they dwelled. The Ewells are considered the utmost class of Maycomb, aside from the forbiddings, which is shown by the fact that they live at the edge of the town, right next to the black people.? He would show me how where and how they lived. They were people, but they lived like animals (30). The agent describes where people live as a sort of divider among them, the Ewells not only live near the blacks, but also right next to the dribble dump. Not only was the location of ones residency used to prejudice them, but also where they would dwell. The blacks church, as described by Scout, was, unceiled and unpainted inwardly? pine benches served as pews? there was no sign of piano, organ, hymn-books, church programs (120).Through her description of the church, Harper Lee allows you to know, without having to read any other section of the book, that the black people of Maycomb are of low class. The people of Maycomb are so prejudice d that they live in separate areas of the town from people who differ in social class. Furthermore, there are two types of justice in Maycomb. There is formal justice, what the court or law decides, and informal justice, the decisions, or verdicts, the people of Maycomb make about other people. Both are often tacitly bound by a mindset of prejudice.When Jem is upset about the conviction of Tom Robinson, he asks his beget how the jury could possibly do it, when he was obviously innocent. ? I dont know, but they did it. Theyve done it before and they did it tonight and theyll do it again and when they do it? seems that only the children weep (213). Atticus means that only children become upset over a black man being convicted simply because of his race. While the older people are so accustomed to it that it is not even unexpected, let alone unsurprising. Likewise, informal justice is very hard for Scout to understand.She questions her father about wherefore the Ewell children are al lowed to skip school even though it is illegal. As Atticus explains it, ? Sometimes its better to bend the law a little in special cases (30). People let the Ewells do what they want simply because they are Ewells. The people assume that none of them could ever become anything anyway, so why incommode trying to force them to waste their time in school? The people made this law, and even though it is illegal, nobody fights it because there is an understanding about the Ewells. The people created laws, whether official or unofficial, that were based on prejudices.Last, the largest factor affecting prejudice, is social stratification. The citizens of Maycomb are very quick to make conclusions on a person based on their social class. People are immediately judged based on whom their family is. Aunt Alexandra was of the opinion that the longer a family had been squatting on one fleck of land, the finer it was (130). The personality of a person is already decided in the minds of many Ma ycomb citizens just by looking at what their family did in previous generations. In addition, if you are black, you are instantly considered trash and below everybody else.It was all over town this morning that you were in the Colored balcony. Wasnt it right close up there with all those (214). This statement demonstrates how the people of Maycomb all assume that if you are black then you are lower than they are. The people of Maycomb County almost always startle to conclusions about people just because of who they are or their family is merely because they are so accustomed to it. Concluding, Harper Lees classic novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, uses many factors, including where people live, the justice system, and social stratification, as items of which her characters use for their prejudices.Through these elements, the plot demonstrates how easy it is to prejudge somebody. While discussing why people fight so much, Jem wonders, ? Why cant they get along with each other? If theyre all alike, why do they go out of their way to shun each other? (227). People fight because they are so vastly different. The answer to the fighting, which is found in this quote, is to stop judging each other on our differences and to start looking for our similarities. We need to all try a little harder to not prejudice different people if we are to achieve the goal of approach in our lives.

Freedom Road Term Paper Essay

Howard Fast, the author of the withstand Freedom Road, was born on November 11, 1914 and died at the age of 89 on March 12, 2003. Fast lived a long and courageous life. A a few(prenominal) of the things he did throughout his lifetime were joining the American Communist party in 1943, serving a prison term in 1950 for refusing to cooperate with the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and his al-Qurans were purged from American school libraries. On the other hand whatsoever of the positive things that happened in his life was that in 1953, he was rewarded the Stalin Peace Prize and in June of 1937 he married his first wife, Bette Cohen. In adjunction with his adventurous lifestyle, Fast spent roughly of his time writing. He wrote seven works of nonfiction, ii autobiographies, fifty-two novels, five short stories one essay, and seven Masao Masuto Mysteries under the Penn name E.V. Cunningham. As well as writing, he created two films based off novels. (http//en.wikipedia.or g/wiki/Howard_Fast)In the book Freedom Road, Howard Fast tells a fictional story based off the true events that occurred during the Constitutional Convention. The beginning of the book does not start the way most books start. This novel starts by talking about the main character, Gideon, as if we are supposed to know who he is. At first, this is confusing hardly after a couple of pages, you catch on and start to understand a lot easier. The first thing we are told about in the book is how solely of the freed hands from the small township of Charleston, had leave a few weeks back to go vote. However, neither the town nor the men who left knew what voting actually was. Not knowing what voting was, made everyone who stayed in town very nervous and worried, they were not sure whether or not those men would be coming home or not. Therefore, when they men were spotted walking back into town everyone was passing excited and could not wait to hear all about this voting thing.However, it seemed that none of the men were really talking, until one of them tells the town that they have some big news to share with everyone. Thus far, into the book, we have that to hear from the main character, and we have actually been reading from his wives point of view. Once the returning men started talking, the book transitions from the wives point of view to Gideons, and that is when things start to pick up. We chance on that the mens big news is the fact that Gideon was elected to be a delegate. Because of his prowess in battle, the other ex-slaves looked to him as their leader in peacetime, but he was an uneducated man who felt himself unsuited for leadership. Yet knowing that his batch wanted and needed him, he was determined to make himself fit into the course their hopes had cut out for him.However, none of them truly knew what a delegate was or what exactly a delegate did. The solo thing they really knew was the Gideon would be receiving a letter once all the votes w ere counted to tell him if he had won the election. Several months go past in the book and nothing happens, no one in the town hears anything about Gideon being elected. Then one day, the postal man comes around and hands Gideon the letter that he had been waiting for. At this point in the book, we find out how afraid he is to go to Charleston because he is a nigger. He feels as though he is not very smart. He does not want to go to city full of white houses full of white folks making fun (p. 16-17). So in order to wait on him overcome that fear Brother shaft of light tells him the people need a leader and because of how strong Gideon is physically and mentally, he was chosen to represent them. Because of Brother stopcock, Gideon decides to go to Charleston.When he arrives in Charles and he realizes that, he has no money and no place to sleep, so he ends up sleeping under a convert barrel for the first night. It is the next morning when Gideon is offered a couple of cents for so me physical labor, he reluctantly accepts the job realizing that he has no other survival but to. Because of that money he is able to rent a room for the nights he allow be at the convention, buy some food, and clothes that will look appropriate for the convention. Moreover, this is when we start getting into the convention. For the first couple of days Gideon was determined not to speak at the convention, in fear of making a fool of himself in front of all the educated white folk. Yet one day he is outraged and notwithstanding cannot help himself, he gets up and speaks. Nevertheless, he was still embarrassed that he could not find the right words for what he was saying and for the fact that he sounded very uneducated compared to some of the rest.However when he was given some books that taught him how to read and speak properly, he began to speak out more than and voice his opinion. To his surprise he was heard, people started to comprehend to what he was saying, and even sidi ng with him. Fast explains that the Constitutional Convention worked because, though neither black nor unretentive whites were overly fond of each other, both realise they had a common enemy in a planter group. With the help of Gideons voice, and umteen others they fought against the planter group. The fought for a system of public schools, the abolition of impoundment for debt, a simple and fair divorce law, a statute making it impossible for a wifes property to be sold in settlement of her husbands debts, and a measure for universal suffrage which, came as close as man had ever come to giving women a break and land. Even though he fought for all of these things, the most important ones for Gideon were fair and equal education, and land.Throughout his time at the convention lets his wife slip-up away from him and stands by while a white northerner helps Gideons oldest son, Jeff, through medical school in Scotland there was no medical school in America free enough from prejudi ce to accept him. Gideon loses site at what he loves the most in his life, and lets them all slip away because freedom seems more important than family. Some of the themes of this book are love and understanding, vigilance and perseverance, and hope. The reason why I say that a theme is love and understanding is because in the beginning of the book we hear about how his wife has stayed by his side through thick and thin. She waited for him though the war that he willingly signed up to go fight for. She let him go vote because she realized that even though no one knew exactly what it was, it was something of importance to her husband. In addition, though she has just gotten her husband back and did not want him to leave again she understood that this was something that he needed to do. She stood by his side, maybe not physically but mentally, throughout the entirety of the convention.Although this theme is not a main theme in the book, I think that it is a rather important one. The o ther theme I had mentioned was vigilance and perseverance. I believe these two themes are the main themes of the book, because everyone in this book is persevering in one way or another. Brother Peter insists that Gideon goes to the convention. Everyone at the convention is pushing for exactly what it is that they want written down, and his son is moving to a land unknown to him for an education that he cannot receive where he is. The last theme I had mentioned was hope. I believe that hope is the most predominant theme throughout the book, because every single person has hope. In the beginning, the town and the men who left were hoping that this voting thing was not going to get them killed. Gideons wife hoped that he would not leave her again, and when he did, she hoped that he would be okay and that she would get to see him again.The people of the convention all held on to the hope that what they say and what they want will be written down into a law. Then we have Gideon himself, he has hope that he will be able to read, write and give all freed slaves the right to an education. The theme of hope plays repeatedly throughout the story. All of the stories characters played a large role in the book, everyone influenced the book in one way or another, but a few of the characters that stood out to me are Brother Peter, Gideon, and Cardozo. The first character that really stands out to me is Brother Peter. I think the fact that he did not stand up and shoot people to vote for him, as a delegate was a selfless act. All of the people in town look up to him and ask him for advice, they would have easily voted for him as they did Gideon, but brother Peter knew that Gideon would have more to learn from being a delegate than he would. Brother Peter also knew that Gideon would have more of a fight in him than he would. I think the reason why Brother Peter was so ambitious about Gideon going to the convention was that he knew that Gideon would get things done.The other character that stands out to me is Gideon. Gideon starts in the beginning of the book being illiterate, but pushes though the debate of learning how to read and write by himself. He also struggles with the fact that he is poor and does not measure up to some of the other people in the convention. Gideon fights for education and freedom so much that he lets go of everything that he truly loves. He lets his wife slip away and his son leaves. He forgets that he has people waiting for him back home. Even though I hate that he loses sight of the place he came from and his family, he over comes many struggles and fights to achieve his goals. The other character that stands out to me is Cardozo. Cardozo is the first person at the convention that comes up and talks to Gideon.I corresponding the way Cardozo sees things differently, he is a black man that has been free all his life, got an education, socialized around white people his entire life. Therefore, when he first talks to Gideon h e wants him to explain why black people should have en education. Once Gideon explains himself Cardozo understands, and helps Gideon as much as he can. He introduces him to all the right people, he supports him in the convention, and most of all he gave Gideon books that taught him how to read and write. He gave Gideon what he had come to fight for. I think it takes very kindhearted people to stand by someone who cannot even form the words to fight by themselves. Before I actually started reading this story, I thought it was going to be another extremely boring history book, however once I started I could not put it down. The way this story was written was fabulous. The way Fast incorporated Gideons thoughts, his writing and speaking was interesting.I loved that the real facts of what happened during that time was not just thrown in our faces, it was mixed into the fictional story that kept you interested. I think the way that we are lead through the past so effortlessly was a fasc inating way to keep reader interested. I like the way Fast incorporated all the different kinds of people at the convention. In the story, the laws of freedom, education, and land would not have got through without the black folks and poor white folks being there. I think the way Fast portrayed Gideon, as a strong illiterate freedman was a with child(p) way to grab the readers attention and walk us through the past in a wonderful way. I think the only thing that Fast is really missing is more of Gideon speaking. Fast does an excellent narration of illiterate folks, but he does not do enough of it. Overall, this book was great, I will most likely be keeping it, and not reselling it so I can re-read it repeatedly.

Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Changes in Peer Relationships in Middle Childhood and Adolescence Statistics say that in the stages in middle adolescence 30% of the childs social intent and interactions there ar a great stage of comrade pressure. These results were compared to the 10% that is experienced during the archeozoic childhood. They show that they are competent by demonstrating their behaviors in these peer groups. During the elementary years in school, children have to prove to others that they understand and that they are capable of handling the different situations they find themselves in.They essential keep a plastered criteria in order to have friends. The master(prenominal) concern during these peer groups is to be accepted and most of these concerns are experienced during middle childhood. Researchers have been focusing in the friendship among the children. Friendship is one of the most important parts of the social group between early stages of childhood. Friends fill that special need we ha ve inside and for a childs development that is one of the most important parts. They fulfill the special needs and they help with communication, interaction, acceptance, companionship and social skills.Peer is much related to the social and popularity military position and its acceptance and friendship represents more that relationship that is built on appreciation, respect and most importantly being liked. When the child has reached its adolescence stage, they allow for experience support from their friends and this will help in their social skills. When they are younger, they dont experience this as much. So, the more friends they have, the more acceptances they will get from the larger peers. Adolescent Egocentrism Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development derived from concept of egocentrism.Adolescents Egocentric explains how a teenager regains about him or herself. During the development of adolescence the gentle body experiences several mental and physical changes. Acc ording to Elkind (1967), immatures mental abilities heighten his or her self-consciousness. Adolescent egocentrism actually reflects a helplessness in their thinking that is distinctive of early formal operations. Egocentric thoughts develops in two aspects which includes the awareness that an individual sees things in a different perspective and doesnt seem to understand that others may hold thoughts, emotions, and views different form his or hers.Egocentric is a complex concept that encompasses a wide range of questions of early cognitive development. Studies have shown that females egocentrism is more prevalent during their early adolescent period and gradually slows down during their later period of adolescence. The main aspect of egocentrism is both social and cognitive because it reflects o more of how individuals want others to discriminate them (Sanrock 2007). For example, many teen spend more time planning themselves than any other factor in his or her lives. According to Elkind (1967) transitions of the formal operations stages involve its own differences about egocentrism.Personal fables also encourage the adolescent egocentrism that reflect on how an individual relates to others. Adolescence experiencing egocentrism is often seen as a non- domineering aspect part of their thoughts because adolescents become taken in with who they are and are unable to function properly in society due to their bias translation of reality. Formal operational thinkers view things in greater complexity and to perceive many different aspects of a situation. Studies today have explained that egocentrism is not always present in the late stages of adolescence.However it depends a great have intercourse on the environment whereas he or she was raised. Peer Pressure Adolescents are faced with a plethora of pressures during this crucial stage in their lives. They are subject to the difficulties of peer pressure including drugs, alcohol and sex. Peer pressure comes from several different directions. It can come from the media, parents, other family members and friends. An adolescents self-esteem plays a censorious role in peer pressure and often will set the stage for whether a teenager will succumb to their nagging peers or abstains.At this age, one of the greatest influences comes from older peers and their experiences with life. Older siblings and friends tend to pressure younger adolescents into indulging in activities that may be detrimental to their well-being, often using status to gain their trust. Status quo and acceptance are important to a young mind. If an adolescent does not have the much needed support from their parents and a positive self- image going into this stage of life, they may be more susceptible to peer pressure. Pressure to use drugs and alcohol are two of the most normal forms of peer pressure hat an adolescent will experience.At this stage, when a child is coming into their own, they are very impressionable beings. Wh en another peer offers up what sounds like an amazing experience many adolescents will follow suit and give in. Even with the knowledge that drugs and alcohol have a profound centre on the human body, some adolescents will still relinquish their better judgment to look cool in front of their peers. Again, status quo comes into play with sum abuse. Most youth arent really interested in the taste of cigarettes or alcohol, but because their friends are doing it, they ill at least try it. dear trying any substance can lead to addiction as the chemicals in the brain become heightened and the impressionable being indulging in them begins to feel a sense of euphoria or finds the substance allows them to let loose. It is very important that parents are aware of the dangers that face adolescence today. As with anything, communication is key. Parents must warn their children of the risks associated with substance abuse while also being compassionate and understanding to this stage of develo pment.

Face It: the Impact of Gender on Social Media Images Essay

Social websites like Facebook enable users to upload ego-created digital images it is therefore of bet to see how sex is performed in this domain. A panel used a literature review of pictorial features associated with sexual activity traits, and a sample of Facebook pictures to assess sexual activity stereotypes usher in in Facebook images. Traits emerging in greater prominence in pictures of males included active, dominant, and independent. Those prominent with female users included attractive and dependent. These findings generally conform to sex stereotypes found in prior look into and extend the research regarding stereotypical sexual activity traits debunked in professional media depictions to egotism-importance-selected cordial media displays. They in like manner extend the research on gender differences in whim manage handst generally, in both inter personalized communication and social media, to include gender-specific traits that ar part of young mens and wome ns impression management. Keywords Facebook sex activity Display Impression Management Role Theory Social MediaJessica Rose (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a merchandising and communications professional in the Greater Philadelphia Area. Susan Mackey-Kallis (Ph.D., Penn resign University, 1986) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Len Shyles (Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1981) is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at Villanova University. Kelly Barry (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater New York area. Danielle Biagini (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greater San Diego area. Colleen Hart (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a student at the University of North Carolina School of Law. Lauren Jack (B.A., Villanova University, 2011) is a marketing and communications professional in the Greate r New York area. The authors would like to thank Dr. Jesse Frey of the Mathematics Department of Villanova University for his armed service in creating the tables presented in this article. Correspondence Susan Mackey-Kallis, Department of Communication, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085 E-mail susan.mackey-kallisvillanova.edu ISSN 0146-3373 print/1746-4102 online 2012 Eastern Communication Association DOI 10.1080/01463373.2012.725005The primality of gender embodiment has animated fresh debates in media studies round the relationship among gender re presentations in media, gendered bodies in virtual space, and gender as performance. With the emergence of social media websites, such as Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace, users maintain an online course of prove that allows them to communicate widely, to virtually manage another(prenominal)s impressions of them, and to even express gendered identities in cyberspace. With over 500 million active users as of 2011 (http/ /www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics), Facebook dominates the social media market. Offering a highly interactive platform, Facebook users give the axe leave comments on their friends walls, provide status updates and picture shows, and can even access one a nonher wire slightly through Facebook Mobile. As of 2010, users worn-out(a) over 700 billion minutes per month on Facebook (http//www.facebook.com/ press/info.php?statistics), oft updating their Facebook visibilitys to add relationships to their friends lists.One well-known feature of Facebook is the users profile picture, displayed in the upper left-hand corner of each users homepage. Intended to be the first thing seen, it is arguably one of the most beta features of the users Facebook page. The profile picture killers friends, acquaintances and even potential employers a firstimpression of the users appearance and, perhaps, their character. Therefore, the meat of users Facebook profile pictures is an important ob ject of sketch for researchers interested in how people practice impression management. According to role theory, people follow unwritten social and cultural rules and norms as they behave in ways that are different and predictable depending on their respective social identities and the situations they find themselves in (Biddle, 1986, p. 68).Gender identity and gender roles are a meaning(a) part of everyday life and, according to Goffman, are existingly constituted through social interaction (1976). Gender shapes how people make sense of themselves and their social relationships. However, as Wood nones, What gender means depends heavily on cultural values and practices a cultures definitions of masculinity and femininity shape expectations about how individual men and women should communicate and how individuals communicate establishes gender that, in turn, influences cultural views (Wood, 2009, p. 20). Gender display, as a continuous communication loop, is defined by social cl ub and expressed by individuals as they interact while shaping evolving social expectations regarding gender.In contemporary media and culture, womens and mens social desirability and gender have much been defined in terms of their bodies. For women, this has often involved comparing themselves to and even replicating the thin ideal (presented in modern mass media in spite of the looming specter of anorexia and bulimia), altering their bodies to heighten perceived sexuality or youthfulness (through cosmetic surgery, exercise or eating), or conforming to traditional definitions of femininity including qualities such as submissiveness or sentimentality (through dress, cosmetics, style, etc.). For men, gender-based definitions of success frequently revolve around presenting or developing their bodies as strong, youthful, active, and physically dominant. The evolution of social media (such as Facebook) and online digital gaming environments (such as massive, multiple online games MMO s) now offer venues where individuals can consciously self-select and present virtual versions of themselves that can either conform with, challenge, or defy societal expectations and media presentations.Digital formats, on the one hand, represent exciting possibilities for individuals who can explore the freedom of presenting a physical self that might differ from the one they present or perform in everyday life or from socially-defined expectations. As Rettberg argues, our fascination with creating digital self- enactments is indicative of our collective coming of age where we as a culture are discovering that we have voices online and can express ourselves rather than simply accepting the mass medias views of the globe (2009, p. 453). On the other hand, digital formats may simply offer a chance to replicate cultural and mass media normative versions of the individual, specifically as they relate to gender. Since how people present and perform their bodies in virtual spaces offe r specific impressions, many of which relate to gender, one objective of the current study is to examine how gender portrayals manifest themselves in self-selected social media displays.Specifically, can social media website content help us understand more about gender roles and the way people present themselves in the virtual social world? Do the ways they manage their images reinforce vivacious gendered stereotypes? Because social networks such as Facebook are relatively recent phenomena, the content of self-presentation profile pictures has not been examine in great depth. Extant literature supports the idea of expected gender roles unique to males and females (Goffman, 1976 Lauzen, Dozier, & Horan, 2008 Wanta & Legett, 1989 Williams & scoop up, 1990) and the idea that society advocates these roles through various media (Bell & Milic, 2002 Hancock & Toma, 2009), with both males and females pleasing in impression management in order to control their public image (Dominick, 199 9 Jones, 1997 Leary, 1996).Witmer and Katzman (1997) argued that females may display more emotional graphics than males while communication on the Internet. Extant literature, however, only reveals one study that has examined gender differences in self-selected portraits in self-posed photographs (mill, 1984) and one study that has examined gender differences in Facebook profile pictures (Strano, 2008). Stranos study, guidance exclusively on gender difference in impression management, found that women engage in management more than men (Strano, 2008). In a related to area of literature, self-presentation in computer-mediated communication (CMC), some studies suggest a great deal of gender-swapping on the Internet (Bruckman, 1993 Roberts & Parks, 1999 Witmer & Katzman, 1997) with some estimates as high as 60% (Roberts & Parks, 1999), and with males gender-swapping more than females (Bruckman, 1993 Suler, 1999).The fantastical and fantasy-based nature of many gaming environments, h owever, and the anonymous nature of most CMC in general might suggest that the freedom to reinvent oneself not only in terms of gender but also race, ethnicity, and other variables is much broader than in Facebook profile pictures. Facebook friends, who may know the person in original life, recognize a photograph as a self-selected presentation but, researchers argue, most likely do not assume that the profile picture reflects gigantic diversity or photo retouching. The current study, therefore, makes a unique contribution by investigating whether self-selected Facebook profile pictures exhibit stereotypical gender roles consistent with traits emerging from existing research.Literature Review Gender Roles Some researchers suggest that gender differences result from a variety of factors including socialization and biology as such, gender roles are often manifested through communication and culture (Goffman, 1976 Lauzen et al., 2008 Wanta & Legett, 1989 Williams & Best, 1990 Wood, 2009). West and Zimmerman (1987) claim gendering is a routine interaction of everyday life. Both gender role and gender display rivet on behavioral aspects of being a man and a woman (p. 127). They use Goffmans (1976) account of gender display to suggest gender is also constituted through interaction. Says Goffman, If gender can be defined as the culturally established correlates of sex (whether in consequence of biology or learning), then gender display refers to conventionalized portrayals of these correlates (1976, p. 69). Goffman cites sports as a framework to explain masculine tendencies, claiming that the male gender is categorically viewed as aggressive, strong, and competitive. In agreement, West and Zimmerman (1987) assert that Doing gender is unavoidable . . . because of the social consequences of sex-category membership this includes the allocation of power and resources not only in the domestic, economic, and political domains but also in the broad region of interpers onal relations (p. 145).As men and women tend to assume proper societal gender roles, associated behaviors are viewed as cultural markers that indicate norms of social interaction. Williams and Best (1990) searched for gender stereotypes among respondents from 25 nations worldwide. Participants were presented with a list of 300 character traits and instructed to indicate whether the trait was more frequently associated with men than with women, more frequently associated with women than with men, or not differentially associated with the two sexes. Table 1 presents results for the traits most commonly associated with men and women and indicates the traits isolated for this analysis. Gender Roles in the Media Society often promotes gender role markers as social norms through photographs and other visual displays used in advertising. Wanta and Legett (1989) studied the media images of male and female athletes of the 1987 Wimbledon Tennis Tournament, concluding that men and women were visualized differently in terms of emotion, dominance, and power.Goffman (1976) accounts for these traits in his research of magazine and newspaper photography, finding women to be pictured in more submissive positions while men are depicted in more elevated positions. Based on Goffmans inquiries, Wanta and Legett (1989) hypothesized that female tennis players would be shown more often in positions implying helplessness than male tennis players. Goffmans (1976) studies of power within photographs asserted that the more dominant a persons face was (i.e., the more full-front, direct-to-camera orientation of the face, and the greater the percentage of photo space taken up by the face), the more power was held and=or portrayed by the person pictured. Wanta and Legett used these ideas to predict that the photographs of female tennis players would emphasis more on the players bodies, while male tennis players would have more concentrated images of their faces. However, the majority of Wanta and Legetts (1989) hypotheses remained unsubstantiated their gender stereotypes were not confirmed. In fact, other portrayals often emerged.They cerebrate that the photographer was trying to break gender stereotypes. In contrast to the work of Wanta and Legett, the research conducted in the current study does not curse on images shot by professional photographers. Rather, the present analysis is based on self-selected and, almost exclusively, self-created Facebook profile pictures. Gender roles, present in everyday interaction, are also enacted on television. Lauzen and colleagues (2008) examined gender roles enacted by men and women on television.Using a stratified random sample of 124 prime-time television series airing on six broadcast networks during the 200506 seasons, they looked at the rates at which men and women fell into categorically different social roles. Taking a category scheme develop by earlier research, Lauzen and colleagues defined social roles as the th ings people do in daily life (see Eagly & Steffan, 1984, p. 735). These roles vary from childcare and household chores to workplace activities. done a content analysis, they found male characters on prime-time television were more likely to inhabit work roles, including blue collar, white collar, and extracurricular activities, while women were portrayed in more interpersonal roles involving romance, friendship, and family.Similarly, in their content analysis of 827 Australian magazine advertisements from 199798 to determine the presence of stereotypical gender roles, Bell and Milic (2002) concluded that Males were more frequently shown in narrative ways (as actors) than females, and this is true of both groups and individuals. Women were more likely than men to behave (or to express emotion) (p. 215). Their findings suggest stereotypical gender traits of men and women consistent with those of Williams and Best (1990) and consistent with Goffmans (1976) analysis of advertising whic h found that women were more likely to be portrayed performing submissive or appeasing gestures such as head or body canting, bending one knee inward (bashful knee-bend), smiling, clowning, and acting less seriously and were often portrayed as being under the physical care and protection of a man (as cited in Bell and Milic, 2002, p. 205).Ragan (1982) breakd gender differences in 1,296 portrait photos from high school and university yearbooks, concluding there are gender differences females smiled more than males, smiled more expansively than males, tilted their heads at greater angles than males, faced the camera less directly than males, and wore glasses less frequently than males. While this research identifies gender differences, it was limited by an influential factor Photographers posed the subjects (Ragan, 1982). In hopes of accounting for this limitation, Mills (1984) conducted a study in which 34 men and 34 women were asked to present themselves as typical college students in pictures. Mills findings reinforced the suggestion that females smile more, and smile more expansively, than males. Gender stereotypes also abound in video games.Female characters are represented as highly sexualized while male characters possess hyperbolise strength, are hypermasculine, aggressive, and, with the exception of showing hostility, lack emotion. They are also less likely to display helping or nurturing qualities (Robinson, Callister, Clark, & Phillips, 2008). One study found that the central role for male characters was competitor while females central roles were victim, damsel in distress, or evil obstacle for the hero to overcome (Heintz-Knowles et al., 2001). The findings of these video game content analyses have remained fairly consistent over time and have also been shown to be perceived by audiences (Robinson et al., 2008).Based on the work from several decades of research on gender roles from the fields of advertising, television, photography, digital gaming studies, and cultural studies, it is apparent that masculinity often implies strength, ambition, and independence, whereas femininity implies physical attractiveness, reverence, and sentimentality (Wood, 2009). The rapid growth of digital media invites researchers interested in the cultural impact of gender to investigate this alternative outlet for self-presentation. This study provides a natural extension of such work in investigation of gender differences in self-selected Facebook profile pictures. Self-Presentation Goffman (1959) argued that individuals were concerned with self-presentation during all social encounters. This is because, among other reasons, impressions impact the opinions of others regardless of an individuals intentions. Burr (2002) claims J. Rose et al.The other people making up our audience can, by their own conduct, either legitimate or reject our claim to be a certain benign of person, and Goffman (1959) argues that this is done by carefully monitoring th e match or mismatch between what we give (the things we say or do to create an impression) and what we give off (the body language, our general demeanorthe communicative aspects of our conduct that are harder for us to control and manipulate). The creation and maintenance of impressions is therefore a two-way street (2002, p. 73).Hence, for Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life and the roles maintained are pertinent to everyday interaction. People constantly play characters to avoid embarrassment and to fit-in with social norms. Gender role, then, focuses on the collectivity of logical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional responses to social situations (Burr, 2002). Most self-presentation studies have examined the concept only in face-to-face communication (Goffman, 1959 Leary 1996). Recent studies (Oh, 2004 Cho, 2006) about self-presentation in personal websites analyze only the styles and not gender display specifically. Similar to face-to-face contexts, indiv iduals do make choices about gender-related impressions over the Internet. A number of studies, for example, have demonstrated extensive gender-swapping in avatar creation for online gaming and in text-based CMC (Bruckman, 1993 Roberts & Parks, 1999 Suler, 1999).In these virtual environments, physical identity markers are not apparent and, as a result, the self is more fluid and changeable (Gergen, 1991) and offers increased opportunities for strategic self-presentation (Walther, 1993 Walther, Anderson, & Park, 1994). Gender is often one of the variables that communicators can consciously shape in these mediated environments (Roberts & Parks, 1999 Bruckman, 1993 Wilbur, 1996). Some researchers have gone so far as to argue that the computer-mediated environment is a gender-bending world (Witmer & Katzman, 1997). Modern gaming environments, in particular, allow gamers to design or consider avatars, their virtual self in the gaming world, that possess a variety of differing characteri stics such as height, weight, age, gender, dress, and profession. In these environments, the avatar becomes inextricably linked to their performance of self and engagement in a virtual community (Taylor, 1999, p. 438).Despite the above cited studies of gender-swapping and self-presentation in CMC, no researchers have examined the extent to which social media users ascribe to gender stereotypes in their presentation of self on the Internet. Samp, Wittenberg, and Gillett (2003) examined the extent to which gender schematic individuals (individuals with either strong masculine or feminine gender orientations versus androgynous orientations) and individuals who were high (versus low) self-monitoring engaged in gender-swapping on the Internet. The researchers in this study used self-report data from Internet users about their online gender-swapping behavior generally.The researchers in the current study, by contrast, provide a content analysis of actual Facebook profile pictures in terms of the presence or absence of gender stereotypes and do not focus on gender swapping. Hancock and Tomas 2009 study of profile pictures on online dating websites created and posted with the intention of creating relationships comes closest to the focus of the current study. In line with Goffmans (1959) suggestion that self-presentation is the process of packaging and redact the self in order to create a certain impression for an audience, Hancock and Toma (2009) examined the impact of gender on self-presentation and social desirability. They found that both women and men edit their profiles to create a better self-presentation through self-enhancement (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Some participate in selective self-presentation, an even more controlled act of impression management in which images are changed or distorted, often leading to further inaccuracy portrayed by the profile (Hancock & Toma, 2009).Having the ability to select or specifically change or display particular points of interest, the users can greatly affect the impression made of them (Hancock & Toma, 2009). Both men and women on the online dating social network use selective self-presentation to their receipts to give the impression of being more desirable to their audiences. Hancock and Toma (2009) suggest men and women can control their self-presentation through social networks (i.e., online dating sites). Such sites pay one segment of social networks Facebook is another. Realizing stereotypical gender roles are present in society, Dominick (1999) studied how men and women presented themselves on personal homepages. Dominick (1999) coded 500 randomly sampled personal homepages based on demographic and personal information, creative expressions, and photographs. He used Jones (1997) five strategies of image device ingratiation (statements of modesty, familiarity, and humor) competence (statements of abilities and achievements) intimidation (statements of anger and unpleasantness) type (acts of moral superiority) and supplication (images of helplessness, while acting self-deprecating Dominick, 1999).He concluded that females released more information than males while both males and females were equally likely to have photographs on their pages. Womens photographs tended to be more sentimental in nature, while mens more often were joke images and images that made them seem more fit and capable. He concluded that A personal web page can be viewed as a carefully constructed selfpresentation (Dominick, 1999, p. 647). Dominick asserted that the concept of impression construction exposes the different strategies men and women use to present themselves through images and information to gain a higher level of likeability, respect, and power in society (1999). Jones (1997) noted that individuals touch to be liked and accepted, resulting in social rewards such as friendship, social support, companionship, romance, and social status.Because smiling is associated with being liked and competent, Jones (1997) correlates gestures with the ingratiation and competence strategies of image construction. As Facebook was not founded until 2004, Dominicks (1999) study is expanded upon in this study (http//www.facebook.com/press/info.php?factsheet). Buffardi and Campbell (2008) studied whether photographs from a variety of social networks are self-promoting. They state, Self-promoting connoted persuading others about ones own positive traits (p. 1307) and define physical attractiveness as the degree to which an individual appears self-promoting and vain in a photograph. While not examining gender differences in self-promotion per se, the researchers did examine how sexy and modest . . . the individual in the main photo appeared to be (Buffardi & Campbell, 2008, p. 1307).

‘QWERTY’ Keyboard

1. Where does the name QWERTY Keyboard come from?It comes from the top sise keys on the keyboard, head starting with left or so in the keyboard which read they read exactly q, w, e, r, t, y. The QWERTY keyboard was invented by Christopher Sholes who was issued a sheer for a shellwriter on July 14, 1868. The QWERTY keyboard is named after the five letter keys located at the top left boldness of the keyboard and is now the official standard of reckoner keyboards (ISO 9995). Today, the QWERTY keyboard is the roughly commonly found and practice sessiond computer keyboard in the United States.2. Why do you think the QWERTY keyboard is the most popular method of data entry?The QWERTY keyboard is the most popular method of entering data because an easy way of usage and when you get used to it you start typing faster.3. Who might make use of a concept keyboard?A concept keyboard might be used by a fast food restaurant and primary schools4. What are the benefits of using a concept key board?It is much faster for making non-text selections such as menu choices on the till of a fast food outlet. The keyboard is also waterproof which can be useful where there is dirt or the risk of splashes.5. Explain why a purloin often called a pointing deviceA reversal is often called a pointing device because it enables you to control what happens on the screen by moving the mouse on your desk and pointing, clicking and selecting items on the screen.6. take up the difference between a mouse and a tracker ball? The difference between a mouse and a tracker ball are that a trackerball moved against two internal rollers to record the direction that the mouse was being moved in and a mouse uses optical or wireless technology to track mouse movement.7. Which type of input device would you choose if you were going to play a shoot em up computer game?If you were going to play a shoot em up computer game you would use a joystick8. Who is likely to use a Graphics Tablet and why?Graphic s tablets are most likely to be used by graphics designers and illustrators because it is much more natural to draw diagrams with a pencil type implement (the stylus) rather than with a mouse and its very accurate9. Explain briefly how electronic scanners workA scanner works by shining a beam of roost onto the surface of the object that you are scanning. This light is then reflected back onto a sensor that detects the colour of the light. This is then used to build up the digital image.

Core Issues in Crime and Punishment Essay

Jimmy Boyles autobiography A Sense of Freedom (1977) gives a real elicit and honest insight into his vivification of discourtesy and incarceration. The autobiography, written from inside prison, is check to Boyle an attempt to warn offspring people that at that place is not anything glamorous about execration and violence. It gives a full narration of his life from a very new-fangled age, with a detailed insight into his childhood, experiences of petty crime, approved schools and borstal, right by to his adult experiences of more than expert crime, violence and adult prisons, including his interpretation of the Penal System. Reading this autobiography I aimed to remain detached from the reason and seek to create an independent analysis of his criminality. The definition of autobiography according to AskOxford (2010) is an account of a persons life written by that person this paint a pictures that in analysing the authors criminality throughout the defend one should not forget that it is written from the authors perspective and memory and should not be haltn purely on face value. With this in heed I intend to obtain criminological theories to Boyles autobiography with an aim to distinguish which criminological possible action most effectively seeks to explain his criminality. Moreover, in doing this I expect to illuminate the criticisms involve within these theories. annoyance crowd out be defined as an act or deed, which is against the law (Chambers 1998145). Over the past fewer centuries there have been numerous theories try to explain why crime is affordted and the answers to this question ar nonoperational quite sceptical. I intend to consider the key principles of apt prime(prenominal) Theory and how convince it is in explaining Boyles criminality. Rational excerpt Theory is subtract of a contemporary Classical draw close in explaining crime. In order to explain this guess it is important firstly to look into the Classical ap proach. illuminateicism is the eldest of these dickens theories that seeks to explain criminality. It emerged at a time when the naturalistic approach of the social cut theorists was ch exclusivelyenging the previously dominant spiritualist approach to explaining crime and criminal doings (Burke, 200524). It rests on the premiss of free entrust and suggests that criminal legal action is the pass on of rational choice and of the hedonistic impulses of the individual (Newburn, 2007114). It was the two key Classical school theorists Baccaria and Bentham who in the late eighteenth century established the essential components of the Rational Actor model.It suggests that crime is the product of evil and people commit crime through choice because they atomic number 18 simply bad (Newburn, 2007114). A key principle of the classicist approach is to state the law distinctly to the public and punishment should be predictable in order to create deterrence against crime. Baccaria consi dered that criminals owe a debt to society and proposed that punishments should be fixed strictly in proportion to the seriousness of the crime. agree to Baccaria human behavior is essenti each(prenominal)y based on the pleasure pain principle, therefore punishment should reflect that principle and all that are guilty of a particular offence should suffer the selfsame(prenominal) penalty (Burke, 200525).Rational Choice surmise derives from this same school of thought as classicalism. It emerged during the 1980s with the notion that naught gets, governd by the Bentham and the economic utility model. Likewise to Classicism it bases its structure on simple deterrence and retribution principles and overly shares the same assumptions that offenders are essentially rationally calculating actors (Newburn, 2007280). It suggests that offenders strike a cost- upbeat-calculation as whether to commit the crime. If the make headway (e.g. money) out weighs the cost (e.g. prosecution if caught) thence it is likely that they will take the risk and commit the offence. Becker (1968, cited in Newburn, 2007) argued that individuals will commit offences if the expected utility of doing so is positive, and will not do so if it is negative. Cornish and Clark (1985, cited in Newburn, 2007) have had a major influence in developing Rational Choice theory.They suggest that kind of than a simple choice, a sequence of choices have to be made, and that these choices are influenced by a number of social and psychological occurrenceors within the individual. Although this contemporary view still holds almost of the main aspects of Classicism regarding rationality, it has moved in a new direction as it now arguably considers the psychological and sociological effectuate on the offender, an domain of a function that Classicism failed to consider. Rather than suggesting offenders are exactly bad in its story of crime as Classicism does, the Rational Choice theory became the st udy of why people make particular lasts and behave in particular ways under certain(a) circumstances (Newburn, 2007281). According to Cornish and Clark (1985, cited in Newburn, 2007) crime is treated as purposive it is never sensory facultyless. Moreover, Cornish and Clark (1985, cited in Newburn, 2007) suggest that other than material wealth, the benefits of committing such crime may also include excitement, prestige, fun, sexual gratification, defiance or laterality of others.It is moot that throughout reading A Sense Of Freedom (1977) Boyle is certified of all the benefits from crime he receives, a lot of which are mentioned above. From a young age Boyle admits to the excitement experience by stealth and fighting. It is this that makes it evident that he has made rational calculations of what the benefits real will be as a result of crime, for instance stealing will gain him material wealth, reputation/ billet and excitement, much the same as fighting would gain him reput ation and excitement. In this mother wit for Boyle the benefit of committing crime outweighed the cost, which explains his ongoing criminal behavior. However, these benefits received would be an after effect of committing these crimes. What the Rational Choice theory fails to explain is why the need for committing the crime in the first place. Although Rational Choice theory does mention the psychological and sociological aspects that the offender brings with them into certain situations, it bases these aspects on calculating whether to commit the crime or not, alternatively than what sociological or psychological effects would contribute towards committing the crime in the first place i.e. strain, inequality, poverty, consumeed behavior etc.Therefore it still does not seek to explain the individuals social circumstances. In this esthesis according to Newburn (2007) it fails to take sufficient account of the structural conditions within which individual decision-making takes p lace (Newburn, 2007,296) Simply Rational Choice theory does not explain the reasons for committing crime in the first place. It explains the process that takes place when there is an opportunity for crime. According to Newburn (2007) it fails to explain or is unconcerned with the motivation of the offender. What it does seek to explain is the reasons why offenders such as Boyle repeatedly committed crime, such as the benefits i.e. reputation, status and material wealth.The Rational Choice Theory suggests that we would all commit crime if we thought we could get away with it, the reason we do not is because for most the cost outweighs the benefit (Newburn, 2007296). This illuminates the question as to why everyone does not commit crime if everyone has the same rationality? According to Jones (2006) the mingled definitions of rational choice provided by the theorys proponents seems to be too vague and allow for almost any persist of deportment except the most extreme pathological variety. According to Jones (2006417), Gibbs (1989) sums it up when he said if rational behaviour is defined as simply goal-orientated behaviour, then virtually all human behaviour is rational.According to Burke, (2005,44) one of the criticisms with Rational Choice theory is that it is accused of implying a too postgraduate degree of rationality by comparing criminal choices too closely with market-place decisions. The work of Cornish and Clark suggest offenders invariably act in terms of limited or bounded form of rationality (Burke, 200544). In this sense offenders will not be fully aware of all the aspects involved in making the decision to commit crime nor will they have all the facts to make a wise decision. This is still considered to be a rational choice but to a different degree. Therefore, this suggests that offenders abide be categorised separately from law-abiding citizens (Burke, 200544).Although the Rational Choice Theory has played a enormous part in the Government s aim for situational crime prevention within the past forty years, with the notion that nothing works and its concentration on removing/reducing the opportunity for crime, it seems it has not played a large part in understanding why crime is committed nor has it contributed towards developing criminological theory. Gibbons (1994, cited in Walklate, 199838) argues that the Rational Choice theory neither constitutes a new or nor a general explanation of crime since elements of attributing the talent to make choices and decisions to criminals and criminal behaviour are present in a range of criminological perspectives. Akers (1994 cited in Jones, 2006416) suggests Ration Choice theory and deterrence theorists have not acknowledged their debt to Social nurture theory, which he states already allows for the adoption of rational decision-making processes in considering whether to commit crime.As it is apparent after reading Boyles autobiography that he has made a lot of choices to comm it crime throughout his life, it is difficult to apply the Rational Choice theory to specifics as it seems to be a very vague theory, much the same a Classicism. It seems that all his decisions throughout were of a cost-benefit-calculation, in time arguably, this could be said about every decision any offender makes from stealing a pen at work, vandalism to murder and more serious crime. With this in mind I am now going to consider a psychological positive(p) approach in explaining Boyles criminality. Instead of looking at abnormalities of the brain in an attempt to explain his criminality, although there are a number of questions that could be raised when looking at his actions in prison, which could arguably be linked to psychopathic behaviour, in this case it would be beneficial to look into eruditeness behaviour in trying to explain his criminality, with an emphasis on Social Learning thoery.From a young age Boyle explains the area he was brought up in as poor and socially de prived (Boyle, 197721). He tells of his experiences as a young boy as looking at certain areas as more upper class and the people who live in them are toffs which he later admits that they were not, however they had nicer clothes or office than himself therefore they were classed as toffs by him and his peers. He states that his and his friends mother used to call then half boiled toffs and used to mimic their accents (Boyle, 1977,9). He tells of his time going around from a young age stealing with his friends from other peoples unwanted possessions, something that was seen by Boyle as not criminal activity just the done thing. Watching the older men come out the pubs at night time drunk and engaging in violent behaviour (fighting) was one of the activities Boyle and his peers used to do, preferably on weekends. (Boyle, 197715). Although when reading the book Boyles childish endeavours seems rather inline with the norm that boys will be boys and get up to mischief, it seems that t his is where Boyles personality developed.The fact that he was out late notice the fighting outside pubs at the age of 5-6 suggests that his violent behaviour in his adult life could have derived from this. Thus, the pregnant aspects of this are that Boyle was out at a very late time for a young boy, which suggests that there was a significant lack of supervision by his parents. This is one of the reasons for Social Learning theorys explanations as to why some delinquent behaviour takes place, and is one of lack of supervision or poor child rearing can lead to belligerence (something that Boyle implied he was eventually an expert in) (Newburn, 2007165) Boyle tells us from the start that his Father dies when he is a young boy, this is significant because of the lack of parenting in his family regarding supervision but also because of his Fathers reputation of which Boyle states he was aware of, which is of a violent nature. It is evident that these activities from childhood and th roughout his adolescence could be key in explaining his criminality.Behavioural learning theories has its origins in the work of Pavlov and Skinner and their experiments carried out on animals, with their conditioning with stimuli when confronted with different tasks (Burke, 200579). This had a profound repair on the perspective developed when considering criminality. Skinner argued from an operant conditioning perspective that a person moldiness actively respond if they are to learn, whereas Cognitivists place the emphasis on mental rather than physical activity (Burke, 200585). Social Learning theory like the Rational Choice theory shares the same notion that behaviour can be reinforced by rewards and punishment however it emphasises that behaviour can learned by expectations that are learned by watching what happens to other people, in this sense individuals will make a choice as to what is learned and how (Burke, 200585).Tarde (1843-1904, cited in Burke, 2005) suggested that cr ime was simply a normal learned behaviour. He argued that criminals are primary normal people who by accident of birth are brought up in an atmosphere in which they learn crime as a way of life. This leads to my argument as rather than generalising everyone as just rational actors, Boyle was nurtured into crime from a young age. In this sense this takes into love that whilst this theory shares the same focalise regarding rationality it looks closer into why crime is committed in the first place.Albert Bandura had a major impact on Social Learning theory, especially with his demonstration of the Bobo doll experiment. The basis of the theory is that the learned behaviour is a combination of the physical acts and how to perform them (skills) and the attitudes and mental understanding necessary to the behaviour (including social skills, morals and choice) (Williams, 2008289). In this sense criminal behaviour can be learnt through practice, watching others or engaging in the environme nt (Williams, 2008289). According to Williams the level of social skills, which the individuals have learnt, may be connected to the amount of crime they perform.Bandura (cited in Newburn, 2007153) points out that Social Learning theory includes a consideration of motivation and the three types involved, these are external reinforcement-from the environment, vicarious reinforcement-from observing others and self reinforcement-as a result of pickings pleasure or pride from ones own actions. According to Bandura (cited in Newburn, 2007153) in this sense we are likely to be influenced by others especially if they are of a high status, which is referred to as models. It is arguable that Boyle learnt his violent behaviour from hearing stories about his Father to watching fighting outside the pubs, in this sense he idolised this behaviour. It is stated in the book that in the book Boyles peers stole some money on a particular occasion. Boyle states that he did not want any of the money wh en his friends were share-out it out. However, he did let them pay for him to get in the cinema. This aloud Boyle to receive the benefits of this criminal act, which arguably conditioned him for the future, as this moral decision did not last and before long Boyle was participating in more theft himself. This is a case of learned behaviour from his peers. This shows that not all models have to be of high status, but behaviour can be learned through delinquent peers and what is accepted within a group (Newburn, 2007165).The Social Learning theory therefore, can be applied to how Boyle became more involved in criminal activity. According to Newburn (2007) Ron Akers and his study of crime, suggests that crime is a result of operant conditioning or imitation. non only did Boyle involve himself in theft and violent activity at school, but also carried on through his adolescent life which lead him into Approved schools and Borstal. This is where Boyle states that he made a lot of contac ts. He referred to these institutions as University for crime (Boyle, 197773). This suggest that Boyle believed himself that mixing with people of a more higher criminal status played a significant part in extending his criminality. According to Jones (2006415) for persistent offenders, the periodic reinforcement of their values by other criminals has been sufficient to outweigh the inhibitory effects of punishment.It is clear that whilst covering only a small area of Psychological Positivism with an emphasis on Social Learning theory, it seems to be a good explanation to Boyles Criminality. What this theory fails to explain is to some extent the social deprivation that Boyle experienced. It does focus on some areas that the social circumstances had on Boyles personality, however it emphasises on modelling his personality from influence of his peers and fictional character models. This does seem to be effective in explaining why Boyle became violent and engaged in theft, however it fails to explain why he was influenced in this way in the first place and illuminates the question as to why are people around him acting in this way?According to Howitt (2009) suggesting that people learn their violent and criminal actions from others is a weak argument, unless violence and crime are entirely genetically convey then inevitably they must be learnt socially in some way. In this sense according to Howitt (2009) any explanation of violence and crime in terms of learning is not in particular helpful unless the conditions under which it is learnt can be specified. Violence and crime are not the exclusive nitty-gritty by which goals are achieved. A variety of tactics are involved in achieving goals working rather than stealing to get a television set being a simple example. As work is a major form of modeled behavior, how can we explain why there is any crime at all if it is simply through social learning? In this sense the Social Learning theorys weak ability to exp lain under what circumstances criminal behavior will or will not be learnt means that it has limited explanatory power (Howitt, 200978).Due to decreed statistics on crime there is a common belief that poverty has a significant role to play in underlying offending (Jones, 2006151). The work from Durkheim focused on how the organization of society can drive people into breaking its rules (Jones, 2006157). Durkheim thought that some crime is normal in society and it would be impossible to imagine a society without crime (Jones, 2006157). Derkheims concentration on anomie and the sociological perspective of crime had a profound effect on the development of criminological theory as he realised that crime is a contemporary social construct rather than a set of universal values or the reflection of intrinsic evils (Jones, 2006161). This gave rise to Mertons theory on strain. Derkheim cut anomie as created by sudden changes in society, whereas Merton anomie applies to disadvantages of the lower classes. This is the area I am going to concentrate on next in explaining Boyles criminality.